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thermodynamics

Examples

  • Thermodynamics when studied on a macroscopic scale (large scale) is called classical thermodynamics and when studied on a microscopic scale (molecular scale) is called statistical thermodynamics.[1][2][3] There are also a number of other subfields of thermodynamics. — “Thermodynamics - encyclopedia article - Citizendium”,
  • Roughly, heat means "energy in transit" and dynamics relates to "movement"; thus, in essence thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines. — “Thermodynamics”, schools-
  • In physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θέρμη therme, meaning " The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work.[6] They also postulate the existence of a quantity. — “Thermodynamics - Reference”,
  • Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, (1860) concerned itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic. — “Thermodynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”,
  • The following article is a local copy of the Wikipedia article at Thermodynamics. The text is licensed under CC-BY-SA and was copied on October 26, 2010 at 21:38. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines,. — “Wikipedia:Thermodynamics - Global Warming Art”,
  • Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning "heat" and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning "power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early. — “Thermodynamics - New World Encyclopedia”,
  • Encyclopedia article about Thermodynamics. Information about Thermodynamics in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary. laws of thermodynamics, law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics, third law. — “Thermodynamics definition of Thermodynamics in the Free”, encyclopedia2
  • Thermodynamics. We won't insult your intelligence (or risk a copyright infringement lawsuit) by titling this essay, "Thermodynamics for Dummies"; but we will try to give you a good overview of the principal concepts of thermodynamics in an entertaining style written for junior high school readers. — “Thermodynamics”,
  • Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some simple definitions of thermodynamic equilibrium. — “Thermodynamics”, grc.nasa.gov
  • Thermodynamics (from the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamis meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by ***yzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. — “PowerPedia:Thermodynamics - PESWiki”,
  • From its Greek etymology, "thermodynamics" could be the study of the forces associated with beans, or with heat. Relics of these ideas still survive in the terminology of thermodynamics. — “Thermodynamics”, mysite.du.edu
  • Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French. — “Thermodynamics”,
  • This is not because the laws of thermodynamics (and their ramifications) are subject to debate or relativistic interpretation, but because a handful of dogmatic evolutionists continue to vocally and energetically deny the truth concerning a simple matter of scientific knowledge:. — “- Thermodynamics vs. Evolutionism -”,
  • thermodynamics n. (used with a sing. verb) Physics that deals with the relationships and conversions between heat and other forms of energy. — “thermodynamics: Definition from ”,
  • Thermodynamics uses the phenomenological approach that consists in working with macroscopic quantities only HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Having defined the internal energy U for any state P, V of the system,. — “Thermodynamics”, lehman.edu
  • While dealing with processes in which systems exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the rate at which such processes take place, termed kinetics. For this reason, the use of the term "thermodynamics" usually refers to equilibrium thermodynamics. — “Thermodynamics - Definition”,
  • This book deals with Engineering Thermodynamics, where concepts of thermodynamics are used to solve engineering problems. Classical thermodynamics can be stated in four laws called the zeroth, first, second, and third laws respectively. — “Engineering Thermodynamics/Print version - Wikibooks”,
  • Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning "heat" and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning "power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in Historically, thermodynamics developed out of need to increase the efficiency of early. — “Thermodynamics - Wikinfo”,
  • Definition of thermodynamics in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of thermodynamics. Pronunciation of thermodynamics. Translations of thermodynamics. thermodynamics synonyms, thermodynamics antonyms. Information about thermodynamics in the free. — “thermodynamics - definition of thermodynamics by the Free”,
  • Information on the field of thermodynamics, from the basics of temperature to kinetic theory to the laws of thermodynamics. — “Thermodynamics - Overview of Thermodynamics”,
  • Thermodynamics definition, the science concerned with the relations between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one into the other: modern thermo See more. — “Thermodynamics | Define Thermodynamics at ”,
  • Thermodynamics (from the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamics meaning power) is a branch of physics that The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or. — “Thermodynamics”,
  • Encyclopedia article of thermodynamics at compiled from comprehensive and current sources. — “Thermodynamics encyclopedia topics | ”,

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  • condensation will occur but the pressure will not change this is an isobaric process The line BC vaporization line represents the isothermal isobaric condensation of vapor 在臨界點 液 氣共存點 時有一個特性 因為是一個 inflection point 所以下式成立
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Videos

  • Thermodynamics (part 3) Introduction to Kelvin. Example of a problem involving the ideal gas law
  • Lec 5 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 05: Adiabatic changes. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics My teacher asked me to put this up, but everything else on my Account is Star Wars, so this had to be too. Star Wars is owned by George Lucas Song written and performed by Michael Flanders and Donald Swan Jokes by Science teachers
  • Lec 15 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 15: Chemical equilibrium. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • First Law of Thermodynamics/ Internal Energy First law of thermodynamic and Internal Energy
  • 21. Thermodynamics Fundamentals of Physics (PHYS 200) This is the first of a series of lectures on thermodynamics. The discussion begins with understanding "temperature." Zeroth's law is introduced and explained. Concepts such as "absolute zero" and "triple point of water" are defined. Measuring temperature through a number of instruments is addressed as well as the different scales of measurement. The second half of the lecture is devoted to heat and heat transfer. Concepts such as "convection" and "conduction" are explained thoroughly. Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
  • Lec 24 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 24: Introduction to statistical mechanics. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Thermodynamics (part 4) Introduction to the concept of a mole. Universal gas constant R. PV=nRT
  • Lec 2 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 02: Work, heat, first law. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Thermodynamic Miracles My favorite scene from the book brought to life. The best lines were missing though: "Come...dry your eyes, for you are life, rarer than a quark and unpredictable beyond the dreams of Heisenberg; the clay in which the forces that shape all things leave their fingerprints most clearly." Watchmen (2009)
  • Thermodynamics (part 5) Example problem involving PV=nRT
  • Lec 8 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 08: Second law. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Lec 11 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 11: Fundamental equation, absolute S, third law. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Laws of Thermodynamics A pair of blasters explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in the best possible way: by setting Arachnos on fire.
  • Lec 35 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 35: Enzyme catalysis. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Lec 20 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 20: Phase equilibria - two components. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Thermodynamic Entropy Definition Clarification Clarifying that the thermodynamic definition of Entropy requires a reversible system.
  • Thermodynamics (part 1) Intuition of how gases generate pressure in a container and why pressure x volume is proportional to the combined kinetic energy of the molecules in the volume.
  • Peter Atkins - Four Laws That Drive the Universe If you thought that you could never be interested in thermodynamics give this superb book a go. Like entropy your knowledge and enjoyment will start to increase.
  • Lec 3 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 03: Internal energy, expansion work. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Lec 1 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 01: State of a system, 0th law, equation of state. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Thermodynamics A video about Thermodynamics that some friends and I made for our Physics class. Enjoy!
  • Thermodynamics 3 - Heat Transfer **Read the description for a more detailed summary of the video.** This is the third video in the Thermodynamics sequence. Having already introduced the concept of heat in the previous video, here we talk more about the transfer of heat from one place to another. Conduction and radiation are two methods of energy transfer that don't involve the motion of matter. The former is the transfer of energy through direct physical contact (the molecules bump into each other during their thermal motion) and the latter is the transfer of energy over long distances without a transport medium through the emission and absorption of light. A proper treatment of either conduction or radiation is beyond the scope of these videos. So we content ourselves with just introducing and motivating, when possible, the relevant equations. The important thing is to develop some intuition for how the physics works without diving into the deep end of the theory. That's not necessarily a bad way of doing things. It's like empirically discovering a law before theoretically deriving it, and for most of the history of physics that's the way things were. This video is part of a series on introductory topics in physics. The target audience is beginning college students who have already had one semester of Newtonian Mechanics.
  • 24. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (cont.) and Entropy Fundamentals of Physics (PHYS 200) The focus of the lecture is the concept of entropy. Specific examples are given to calculate the entropy change for a number of different processes. Boltzmann's microscopic formula for entropy is introduced and used to explain irreversibility. Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
  • 23. The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Carnot's Engine Fundamentals of Physics (PHYS 200) Why does a dropped egg that spatters on the floor not rise back to your hands even though no laws prohibit it? The answer to such irreversibility resides the Second Law of Thermodynamics which explained in this and the next lecture. The Carnot heat engine is discussed in detail to show how there is an upper limit to the efficiency of heat engines and how the concept of entropy arises from macroscopic considerations. Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
  • Thermodynamics 1 - Ideal Gases **Read the description for a more detailed summary of the video.** This is the first video in the Thermodynamics sequence. We derive the ideal gas law in a heuristic way and state the equipartition theorem. It's important to have a good grasp of ideal gases before moving on. The ideal gas serves as an example for most of the concepts of thermodynamics, and most of my videos on thermodynamics will rely on the picture of an ideal gas presented here. In this video we take the (correct) point of view that gases are made up of many molecules, and we use that fact to derive and explain the ideal gas properties. Historically speaking, thermodynamics was invented before people knew/accepted that molecules existed. In particular, here we come across the concept of temperature, which everyone has some experience with. We define temperature in terms of the kinetic energy of the molecules in our gas. This is the "modern" point of view; for a long time temperature was just an abstract property that the system somehow possessed. In these videos we will always strive to give the molecular description of thermodynamics. This video is part of a series on introductory topics in physics. The target audience is beginning college students who have already had one semester of Newtonian Mechanics.
  • Lec 31 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 31: Complex reactions and mechanisms. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • First Law of Thermodynamics (1) Physics: First law of thermodynamics; internal energy, heat, work. PV curves. Special processes: isobaric (constant pressure); isochoric (constant volume); cyclic; isothermal (constant temperature); adiabatic (zero heat exchange). State functions This is a recording of a tutoring session, posted with the student's permission. These videos are offered on a "pay-what-you-like" basis. You can pay for the use of the videos at my website: www.freelance- For a list of all the available video series, arranged in suggested viewing order, go to my website. For a playlist containing all the videos in this series, click here: (1) First law of thermodynamics. Internal energy and temperature. Heat exchange (Q) (2) Continued. Work done on or by the gas (W) (3) Continued. PV curve. Work is the area of under the PV curve (4) Continued (5) Isobaric (constant pressure) processes (6) Continued (7) Continued (8) Isochoric (constant volume) processes (9) Multistep processes (10) State functions. Cyclic processes (11) Continued (12) Continued (13) Isothermal (constant temperature) processes (14) Adiabatic (zero heat exchange) processes (15) Summary
  • Reconciling Thermodynamic and State Definitions of Entropy Long video explaining why entropy is a measure of the number of states a system can take on (mathy, but mind-blowing).
  • Thermodynamic Temperature Science & Reason on Facebook: Physics (Episode 5): Thermodynamic Temperature. --- Please subscribe to Science & Reason: • • • • --- What is the temperature of outer space? way out there between galaxies ... where there is only about one hydrogen atom per cubic meter? Can an individual atom be hot or cold? Can it even have a temperature? It sounds a little silly to say an atom is 27 degrees Fahrenheit or something. PARTICLE TEMPERATURE: But temperature is really a measure of the motion energy of an atom if the atom is motionless then it is at zero Kelvin. Now it can never be really motionless so it can never be at exactly zero Kelvin. And it moves pretty fast pretty fast as the temperature rises. At a tiny fraction of a degree above absolute zero, (700 nK (1 nK = 10−9 K)) the atom is already moving at about 1 centimeter per second. For subatomic particles the energy is often measured in MeV or GeV. An electron with 1 GeV of energy is moving close to the speed of light. And that corresponds to a temperature of ... 11 thousand billion kelvins. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: For a collection of atoms or molecules like a gas or a crystal lattice, the temperature of the collection is just the average temperature of the group. But of course because of collisions and interactions at the molecular level, a group of atoms or molecules will distribute the total motion energy pretty evenly among the individuals in the ...
  • Thermodynamics 2 - The First Law **Read the description for a more detailed summary of the video.** This is the second video in the Thermodynamics sequence. The First Law of Thermodynamics concerns the conservation of energy. Historically speaking, the more important idea embodied by the first law is the idea that heat is energy, and that there is such a thing as "internal energy" which can manifest itself as either heat or mechanical work. The equivalence of heat and work is a cornerstone of thermodynamics. As usual, in this video we take the molecular point of view, emphasizing that heat energy is the energy of the motions of the molecules that you can't keep track of. While the First Law is a general statement, all of our examples (especially toward the end of the video) use the ideal gas. See my video on the ideal gas law, linked here for convenience, for an explanation: This video is part of a series on introductory topics in physics. The target audience is beginning college students who have already had one semester of Newtonian Mechanics.
  • Thermodynamics 4 - Heat Engines and Entropy **Read the description for a more detailed summary of the video.** This is the fourth video in the Thermodynamics sequence. First we talk about Heat Engines, which are powered by heat input and provide work as output. They are represented by PV diagrams which exhibit a positive net work and positive net heat. A key fact is that, in addition to work, heat engines also output waste heat energy. It turns out to be impossible to avoid this waste heat. We can characterize how much waste heat is produced using the efficiency formula for the engine. After introducing the concept of Entropy, we find that there is a maximum efficiency for any engine, and that this maximum is always less than one. Entropy is traditionally a confusing topic. The physical picture behind entropy involves somewhat sophisticated subjects, like microstates/macrostates and order/disorder, that are a bit removed from the issues at hand. We won't discuss the physical meaning of entropy here, but merely state some facts about it and use those facts to do some calculations. While the microstate definition of entropy is very important, it would carry us too far afield to go over in this video. This video is part of a series on introductory topics in physics. The target audience is beginning college students who have already had one semester of Newtonian Mechanics.
  • Thermodynamics (part 2) Example problem that pv=pv. Introduction to temperature.
  • Lec 36 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 36: Autocatalysis and oscillators. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Terranoise - Thermodynamics Album: Complex Wave Function
  • Lec 14 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 14: Multicomponent systems, chemical potential. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • Lec 13 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008 Lecture 13: Gibbs free energy. View the complete course at: ocw.mit.edu License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at ocw.mit.edu More courses at ocw.mit.edu
  • AP Chemistry: Thermodynamics 1 Over 200 videos, reshot in HD, now available at for just a donation! This clip: Chemguy talks about entropy and what spontaneous reactions have in common. Donations welcome at
  • Thermodynamic Wicks Cycle This video shows the development and application of an ideal fuel-burning engine defined as the Wicks Cycle. Generations of thermodynamic students have learned the Carnot Cycle is the ideal engine, but it is not the ideal fuel-burning engine. Virtually all engines burn fuel to produce the high temperature heat, which is released over the entire range, from maximum to ambient temperature. Therefore, this video shows why the Carnot is not ideal, and derives the Wicks Cycle as the ideal fuel burning engine. Finally, it uses the Wicks cycle as the standard for fuel-burning Carnot, Rankine, Brayton, and combined cycles. We recommend all future thermo books include the Wicks Cycle, as has been done by Professor Chih Wu, in his textbook Thermodynamics of Heat Powered Cycles (2007). This video shows the development and application of an ideal fuel-burning engine defined as the Wicks Cycle. Generations of thermodynamic students have learned the Carnot Cycle is the ideal engine, but it is not the ideal fuel-burning engine. Virtually all engines burn fuel to produce the high temperature heat, which is released over the entire range, from maximum to ambient temperature. Therefore, this video shows why the Carnot is not ideal, and derives the Wicks Cycle as the ideal fuel burning engine. Finally, it uses the Wicks cycle as the standard for fuel-burning Carnot, Rankine, Brayton, and combined cycles. We recommend all future thermo books include the Wicks Cycle, as has been done by ...
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics - A clip from our friends at - The Privileged Planet. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is one of three Laws of Thermodynamics. The term "thermodynamics" comes from two root words "thermo," meaning heat, and "dynamic," meaning power. Thus, the Laws of Thermodynamics are the Laws of "Heat Power." As far as we can tell, these Laws are absolute. All things in the observable universe are affected by and obey the Laws of Thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics, commonly known as the Law of Conservation of Matter, states that matter/energy cannot be created nor can it be destroyed. The quantity of matter/energy remains the same. It can change from solid to liquid to gas to plasma and back again, but the total amount of matter/energy in the universe remains constant. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is commonly known as the Law of Increased Entropy. While quantity remains the same (First Law), the quality of matter/energy deteriorates gradually over time. How so? Usable energy is inevitably used for productivity, growth and repair. In the process, usable energy is converted into unusable energy. Thus, usable energy is irretrievably lost in the form of unusable energy. "Entropy" is defined as a measure of unusable energy within a closed or isolated system (the universe for example). As usable energy decreases and unusable energy increases, "entropy" increases. Entropy is also a gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed ...