
Phelloderm is generated by the phellogen It can contain chlorophyll and function in defense

B Lenticel phellogen 1 Laterally continuous with adjecent phellogen 2 Produces more cells than adjacent phellogen so lenticels bulge both outward and inward C Development in species with initial phellogens originating in subepidermal layers 1 Tissue of substomatal chamber forms loose colorless mass of cells = complementary or filling

light to medium green ovate to orbicular leaflets to 2 with acute tip leaflets tremble in wind like aspen the bark phellogen of the trunk is smooth and light colored when young but becomes roughened and fissured with age medium texture Flowers fruits Inconspicuous greenish yellow flower in small axillary clusters in the spring followed by persistent single achene fruit

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2 Relative amount and kinds of tissue isolated to outside by Subsequent Phellogens a Deeper the phellogen the more furrowed the bark appears b I nclusion of bast fibers can give rise to net like patterns c If species has no bast fibers the outer bark breaks up into individual scale like units 3 Relative persistance

Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana hornbeam and Ostrya virginiana hop hornbeam have very different looking barks Keywords periderm diversity evolution bark hardwood cork cambium Click Here to see image Legend Pelargonium Geraniaceae stem x s to show cork cambium Keywords periderm bark cork cambium cork cells phellem phellogen phelloderm

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Phellogen layer or cork cambium is a dividing zone of cells that forms phellem to the outside and phelloderm to the inside In other words it forms the outer

Deeper the phellogen the more furrowed the bark appears b I nclusion of bast fibers can give rise to net like patterns c If species has no bast fibers the outer bark breaks up into individual scale like units 3 Relative persistance of phellem a Some species slough off phellem on annual basis

The Blue arrow is the wood ray The purple arrow is the phloem ray branching out to form the phellogen The red arrow is the phellogen The green arrow is the Cambium Zone This is an

Ring > + Smooth b Shell or Scale like > Ridges Furrows or long strips 2 Relative amount and kinds of tissue isolated to outside by Subsequent Phellogens a Deeper the phellogen the more furrowed the bark appears b I nclusion of bast fibers can give rise to net like patterns c

The adventitious tuberous roots produced by the xylopodium were covered by the epidermis Fig 3A B and the phellogen was produced through divisions of the subepidermal

a Anticlinal division in phellogen keep pace with girth expansion b Fagus Abies Carpinus Quercus 2 Most species replace Initial Periderm with Subsequent Phellogens on an annual basis a Cracking and furrowing of rhytidome becomes apparent over time

A Lenticels 1 Various shapes sizes colors 2 Many loose cork cells with abundant intercellular air spaces B Lenticel phellogen 1 Laterally continuous with adjecent phellogen

1 Some species retain Initial Periderm for life or at least many years a Anticlinal division in phellogen keep pace with girth expansion b Fagus Abies Carpinus Quercus 2 Most species replace Initial Periderm with Subsequent Phellogens on an annual basis

elongation has stopped 1 Some species retain Initial Periderm for life or at least many years a Anticlinal division in phellogen keep pace with girth expansion b Fagus Abies Carpinus Quercus

Periderm is a term used to describe the phellem phellogen and phelloderm collectively It is the outer bark of the tree The phellogen generates the periderm

Click Here to see image Legend Pelargonium Geraniaceae stem x s to show cork cambium Keywords periderm bark cork cambium cork cells phellem phellogen phelloderm Click Here to see image Legend Sambucus Caprifoliaceae elderberry young stem x s to show lenticel Keywords lenticel secondary growth hardwood woody stem

This sample is a Sugar maple