
PreOp® Patient Education Permanent Pacemaker Implant Surgery Patient ED @ 617-379-1582 INFO Your doctor has recommended that you receive a permanent pacemaker implanted in your body. But what does that actually mean? The heart is located in the center of the chest, enclosed by the breast bone and rib cage. By contracting in a rhythmic way, it causes the blood in your body to circulate. A normally functioning heart beats at a rate of between 60 and 100 contractions per minute. These contractions are triggered by a small piece of heart tissue called the SA node. The SA node generates a small electrical signal that is transmitted by nerves to the surrounding muscle. These electrical impulses are what cause the heart muscle to contract. In some people, the SA node fails to cause the heart to contract with its normal rhythm, causing an abnormal heartbeat or arrhythmia. The most common form of arrhythmia, for which pacemaker surgery is often recommended, is bradyarrythymia - or slow heart rate. There are a number of reasons why you may have developed an arrhythmia, but in most cases the problem is caused by a disruption in the SA node or in the system of nerves that conducts electrical signals to the heart muscle. A pacemaker is a device that is designed to provide an electrical signal to the heart muscle and to help it maintain a proper rhythm. There are several types of pacemakers and the particular model selected for you will be based on your specific condition. But all pacemakers share a common design. Your pacemaker ...

REJECT THE 666 identification implant CHIP Here are the main verses on 666, the mark of the beast: Revelation 13:16 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: Revelation 13:17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Revelation 13:18 Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six. (666) Using the extended meanings of the original Greek text, also an alternate possible translation given of Rev. 13, that indicates a biochip implant containing a number like the social security number could fulfill the prophecy very precisely: Rev 13: [16] He [the second beast] caused everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive an etching of servitude (made with a sharp point) in their right hand, or in their foreheads; [17] so that no one could buy or sell unless they had the etching of servitude, or the authority of the beast, or the number of his authority. [18] Here is wisdom. Let him that has understanding count the number of the beast, for it is an individual's [identification] number. His number is incised with a pricking action - willingly - by one claiming to possess the Godhead... In the USA, 98-99% of all transactions are already cashless, and cash represents about 1-4% of bank deposits. (look up articles, "Major Frauds of the ...

PreOp® Patient Education Permanent Pacemaker Implant Patient Education Company Your doctor has recommended that you receive a permanent pacemaker implanted in your body. But what does that actually mean? The heart is located in the center of the chest, enclosed by the breast bone and rib cage. By contracting in a rhythmic way, it causes the blood in your body to circulate. A normally functioning heart beats at a rate of between 60 and 100 contractions per minute. These contractions are triggered by a small piece of heart tissue called the SA node. The SA node generates a small electrical signal that is transmitted by nerves to the surrounding muscle. These electrical impulses are what cause the heart muscle to contract. In some people, the SA node fails to cause the heart to contract with its normal rhythm, causing an abnormal heartbeat or arrhythmia. The most common form of arrhythmia, for which pacemaker surgery is often recommended, is bradyarrythymia - or slow heart rate. There are a number of reasons why you may have developed an arrhythmia, but in most cases the problem is caused by a disruption in the SA node or in the system of nerves that conducts electrical signals to the heart muscle. A pacemaker is a device that is designed to provide an electrical signal to the heart muscle and to help it maintain a proper rhythm. There are several types of pacemakers and the particular model selected for you will be based on your specific condition. But all pacemakers share a common design. Your pacemaker will ...

Cochlear Implant Activation 1/5/2011 On January 5th, 2011 my friend, 19 year old Connor got his cochlear implant activated in his right ear. Connor has bilateral Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (ELVAS). He has had hearing aids most of his life and due to his condition had very rapid hearing loss towards the beginning of his freshman year in college. He has severe to profound hearing loss in both ears. He was implanted with a Cochlear Nucleus 5. His surgery was just 8 days after his birthday on December 20, 2010. This is a video of his activation and his ability to hear for the first time. Connor has been keeping a blog about his experiences with a Cochlear Implant check it out here: connor56

Neuticles PermaStay Ear Implantation Surgery Part 2 CTI Corporation, creators of patented Neuticles for Pets, is delighted to announce that revolutionary PermaStay® Ear Implantation is now available. PermaStay® Ear Implantation is designed utilizing a FDA Medically approved micro thin surgical mesh foundation. The foundation mesh measures 3" x 4" In the center of the foundation is a specially designed fluoroplastic spine which lends primary support to the ear. A single overlay of the mesh material is sonic welded over the spine which allows tissue growth and eliminates risk of trauma. PermaStay® Ear Implantation is humane, ultra lightweight and undetectable once placed. PermaStay® Ear Implantation is designed for the life of the pet without worry or need of replacement. The pets ear can be bent once implanted and will snap back naturally. ORDERS ARE NOW BEING ACCEPTED

Woman Implanted With Wrong Embryo Gives Birth A woman who had the wrong embryo implanted by a fertility clinic has given birth to a boy. (Sept. 26)

Dystonia Treated with Surgically Implanted Pacemaker Approximately 125000 Americans suffer from dystonia. The condition is a result of the brain firing abnormally, sending impulses of electricity to muscles that causes them to contract constantly. The treatment Veronica's doctor, UCLA neurosurgeon Dr. Antonio DeSalles, recommended was to surgically implant a pacemaker device to stop the impulses and block the transmission of electricity to the muscles. The procedure involves first implanting the electrodes and threading the wires into the patient's brain. A second operation connects the electrodes to a compact generator. The pacemaker is then programmed to battle the brain. More at

*Kaiden's Cochlea Implant Surgery Update* Part 1 of 2 Implanted April 29 2010. Kaiden did perfectly, no dramas at all- complication free operation. THANK YOU FOR ALL THE COMMENTS AND TO EVERYONE WHOSE ASKED HOW KAIDEN IS DOING!!!

Scientist implanted with RFID Chip gets computer virus A British scientist has become the first human to be infected with a computer virus. Dr Mark Gasson, a cybernetics expert at the University of Reading, has had a computer chip implanted in his hand. The chip is programmed to open security doors to his lab - and ensure only he is able to switch on and use his mobile phone. But Dr Gasson deliberately infected the chip with a computer virus, which was then automatically transmitted to affect to the lab security system. "Once the system is infected, anybody accessing the building with their passcard would be infected too," he told Sky News. The virus on his chip is benign. But malicious computer code could give criminals access to a building. Dr Gasson says his experiment also exposes the vulnerability of chips now routinely implanted in patients. Heart pacemakers contain mini-computers that control the heartbeat, and communicate with doctors via a special reader held against the skin. But if a virus was transmitted to the device which stopped it working properly, the consequences for the patient could be fatal. "The devices will have to start to use security encryption," said Dr Gasson. "Medical devices should have some kind of password protection as well. They're basic security precautions. It's surprising these devices don't have them already." More on this story at sky news- Dr Mark Gasson Scientist Infects Himself With Computer Virus And Microchip

*Kaiden's Cochlea Implant Surgery Update* Part 2 of 2 Implanted April 29 2010. Kaiden did perfectly, no dramas at all- complication free operation. THANK YOU FOR ALL THE COMMENTS AND TO EVERYONE WHOSE ASKED HOW KAIDEN IS DOING!!!

Fully Implantable Hearing Aids In June 2007, Dr Herzog was interviewed regarding a completely implantable hearing aid. This new device has undergone a phase 1 trial with the Food and Drug Administration. The Center for Hearing and Balance Disorders is one of a limited number of centers selected to participate in the phase 2 study. The device is intended for individuals with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss, who would otherwise be hearing aid users. The hearing aid is completely implanted behind the ear. This will allow one to maintain a very active lifestyle without sacrificing hearing.

Implanting Cattle Properly Matt Claeys illustrates the proper method for implanting beef cattle.

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) An Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator or ICD is used to treat a dangerously fast heart beat. It is small enough to fit into the palm of your hand and weighs 69-85 grams. The ICD monitors your heart for very fast and potentially dangerous rhythm disorders. The device is surgically placed or implanted just under the skin in the chest area. The ICD is attached to one or two thin coded wires called leads, which are placed in or on the heart muscle. When an abnormal heart rhythm occurs, the ICD sends a shock to the heart muscle to defibrillate or stop the cycle of rapid twitching. Interrupting the pattern of the rhythm disorder allows the heart to resume its normal rhythm.

Dental Implant Animation A dental implant is an artificial tooth root replacement and is used in prosthetic dentistry to support restorations that resemble a tooth or group of teeth. There are several types of dental implants. The major classifications are divided into osseointegrated implant and the fibrointegrated implant. Earlier implants, such as the subperiosteal implant and the blade implant were usually fibrointegrated [1], [2]. The most widely accepted and successful implant today is the osseointegrated implant, based on the discovery by Swedish Professor Per-Ingvar Brånemark that titanium can be successfully fused into bone when osteoblasts grow on and into the rough surface of the implanted titanium [3]. This forms a structural and functional connection between the living bone and the implant. A variation on the implant procedure is the implant-supported bridge, or implant-supported denture.

NWO Goats and Spider Genetics This Is The Stuff Alex jones talks about. On a farm outside of Canada, goats have been genetically altered and now contain one spider silk gene. This gene enables the goats to produce silk protein in their milk.

11-IMPLANTATION PUMP UNIT ZSI 375 treats severe urinary incontinence in men. The artificial urinary sphincter mimics a healthy sphincter in that it keeps the urethra closed until the patient wants to urinate. It does this by automatically moving fluid such as saline (salt and water) through two main components: a cuff and a pump with a pressure-regulating tank. These components are connected by flexible, kink-resistant tubing. The artificial urinary sphincter ZSI 375 is a medical device that can be implanted in men. It is made of a silicone elastomer and is filled with saline solution. It mimics a healthy sphincter in that it keeps the urethra closed until the patient wants to urinate. This artificial urinary sphincter ZSI 375 is composed of two elements connected by kink-resistant tubing: a cuff is placed around the urethra and a control pump is placed in the scrotum. When the patient needs to urinate, he squeezes and releases the pump located in his scrotum. This action empties the cuff and releases the pressure around the urethra. The urine can flow out of the bladder. Few minutes after the bladder is empty, the cuff is automatically refilled, and the urethra is squeezed closed again. The principal design features of the ZSI 375 include the following: - One-piece assembly to facilitate implantation and minimise mechanical failures - Logistic of delivery simplified thanks to an adjustable cuff that suits all sizes of urethra. - A cuff moulded in circular form to reduce potential stress fractures ...

Mitral Valve Repair featuring the first US Implant of the Physio II Annuloplasty Ring From The Mitral Valve Repair Reference Center at The Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. David H. Adams performs mitral valve repair utilizing the first US Implant of the Carpentier-Edwards Physio II Annuloplasty Ring. This patient is a 50-year-old male with known mitral valve disease. He was referred for elective intervention. OPERATION Complex Barlow Mitral Valve Repair (P2 Resection with Detachment of P2 and Residual P1; Vertical and Horizontal Compression Followed by Sliding Plasty; Posterior Leaflet Flip to Correct A2 Prolapse and Reinforce P2 Repair; True Size 34 mm Carpentier-Edwards Physio II Ring )

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) - Alegent Health Clinic An ICD is a device, about the size of a deck of cards, which is implanted under the skin and has wires (leads) that pass into the heart. The main purpose of the ICD is to monitor the heart for the life-threatening rhythms ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) that can lead to cardiac arrest and death. The ICD can terminate the abnormal rhythm and restore normal rhythm by delivering a powerful shock to the heart muscle or through a special type of cardiac pacing. The ICD also has all the functions of a pacemaker and can send very small electrical impulses to the heart to stimulate contraction of the heart. This function keeps the heart from going to slow in patients where this is a problem. Related Links: Dr. Eric Van De Graaff Alegent Health Heart & Vascular Specialists Cardiology Blog Alegent Health Podcast #27 Heart Palpitations Alegent Health Clinic

*** Gun - Baseball Clip One of the most funny parts in Leslie Nielsen`s *** Gun... *** This video-clip has no intention to infringe copyright law. Just for entertainment FAIR USE exclusively ***

I had Contact Lenses Implanted in my Eyes - 858.452.3937 Implantable contact lenses, also called phakic intraocular lens implants because they are implanted without removing your eyes natural lens, can resemble regular contact lenses or crescent-shaped segments in shape. They can be used to effectively treat nearsightedness and are currently being developed to treat farsightedness Depending on the specific lens and extent of vision correction you need, the implantable lenses can be surgically placed between the cornea and the iris, or just behind the iris. Regardless of their placement, they work by properly adjusting the way that light reflects back to the retina and can improve vision up to 20 The benefits of Verisyse lenses include that: Patients who dont qualify for Custom LASIK due to a high prescription or for other medical reasons can still achieve surgical vision correction. An FDA study concluded that 95% of 662 patients who received Verisyse implants improved their vision to 20/40 or better. Patients have reduced dependency on wearing prescription contacts or glasses. The procedure is completely reversible. Sandy T. Feldman, MD, MS :: ClearView Eye and Laser Medical Center 6255 Lusk Blvd., Suite 100 :: San Diego, California 92121 Shes the Surgeon to See Video produced by Spore Medical,

Automated Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator OR- webcast February 28th at 6:30 PM EST from Halifax Health Medical Center Halifax Health will present Florida's first live online Automated Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator case on Thursday, February 28, at 6:30 pm. A majority of the 200000 -- 400000 people that die suddenly in the United States each year do so as a result of heart rhythm abnormalities known as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a battery-powered device that significantly improves the chances of survival in people at high risk for these arrhythmias. Modern ICDs are sophisticated devices that are able to perform three general functions: treatment of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias, record the heart's activity in the device memory, and standard pacemaker functions. Hanscy Seide, MD, will perform the procedure and Donald Stoner, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Halifax Health Medical Center, will moderate. Dr. Seide, who is with Cardiology Consultants in Daytona Beach, has implanted more than 350 defibrillators during the past three years.

Susan's ICL Lens Implant Surgery - Part 1 A video I took of my wife, Susan, getting a Visian ICL lens implanted in both of her eyes. Her cornea is too thin for Lasik to be an option and her eyes have a problem with contact lenses drying them out (put in simplified terms), so the ICL procedure was the only option for her other than wearing glasses. She's looking into getting a job though that has a vision requirement w/o glasses making the ICL procedure her only option. This video is not for the faint of heart!

MICROCHIP IMPLANT This microchip could be used for tracking if used with RFID, as well as identification. This could very well be the start of what is described in the book of Revelation, in the Holy Bible. See link for more information on the implanted chip:

Implantable Contact Lens Contacted lens that can be implanted in your eyes! That's right. A young woman describes the difference eye surgeon Dr. Michael Kelly made in her life with this procedure. Dr. Kelly says it's a step above lasik surgery. It doesn't change the shape of your cornea and he does it as outpatient surgery at Rex Hospital.

Implantable Contact Lenses, ICL... I can see my wife at night! - 858.452.3937 I have a very severe myopia so without my glasses I am not functional at all. The big thing for me is to be able to just open my eyes in the middle of the night and see my wife sleeping next to me. I have never been able to do that. After the surgery I can actually see the clock and what time it is without having to crawl over the night stand. My vision is really good now. It is what I would call clear natural vision. There are two types of implantable lenses approved by the FDA for vision correction currently Verisyse™ and STAAR Visian. Verisyse Implantable Contact Lenses have been used to treat moderate to severe nearsightedness, also called myopia. The Verisyse lenses are shaped much like regular contact lenses, but they are implanted into the eye between the cornea and iris. When they are in place, they give your eyes another focusing lens to use and provide you with the high-quality vision. The STAAR Visian intraocular lens was the first of its kind to be approved for use in the US The Visian lens is used to treat nearsightedness and is surgically implanted into the eye, but in a different location. The Visian lens is placed behind the iris and in front your natural lens, which is referred to as the posterior chamber of the eye. Once in this position, the Visian lens improves your vision by optimizing the way light enters your eye. Visian lenses are capable of correcting a wide range of myopia or nearsightedness, Its a safe ...

Verichip-New Wolrd Order-Human Cip Implant Aaron Russo interview Revelation 13:16-18 13:16 He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and the slave, to be marked on their right hand, or on their forehead; 17 so that no one would be able to buy or to sell, unless they have the mark, which is, the name of the beast or the number of his name. 18 Here is wisdom. He, who has understanding, let him calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man. His number is six hundred sixty-six. The future Mark of the Beast-The buying and selling mark of the Antichrist will be literal. Revelation 14:9-11 9 A third angel followed them and said in a loud voice: If anyone worships the beast or his image or receives his mark on their forehead or hand, 10 the same shall drink of the wrath of God in its full strength. He will be tormented with burning sulfur in the presence of the Holy Angels and of the Lamb. 11 And the smoke of their torment rises for ever and ever. There is no rest day or night for those who worship the beast or its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of his name. Cashless Monetary System for the United States of America A cashless American society is fine as long as it is a smart card type of ID system that involves no implantation or marking in or on the skin. Do not let anyone convince you otherwise whether Christian, or non Christian. A president must never sign an executive order to make it law for a mandatory monetary or ID implant system. Governments must never allow a ...

The implantable microchip Short documentary about bio-metrix and the implantable microchip!

Pacemaker implantation animation Pacemaker implantation involves surgically placing an electrical device into the chest to help your heart beat normally. This animation explains what causes an irregular heartbeat and how a pacemaker can correct it. Read more about pacemaker implantations on NHS Choices:

Bob Boyce On Secret RFID Implant and the Targeting Of Inventors Bob Tuskin and Shepard Ambellas interview Bob Boyce on his rfid implants. This was the second hour of our show, during the first hour we were joined by James Walbert. James Walbert On Secret RFID Implants and Harassment, Inventors Targeted For Microchipping? Download/Listen To Full Interview Here mp3 Bob Boyce Photo Evidence

Visian Implanted Contact Lens Insertion A video documenting the placement of the Visian ICL into my eye. This is designed to correct my myopia or short sight, and also astigmatism. After this operation I have been able to say goodbye to contact lenses and glasses.

Jesse Ventura talks about CIA implanted in State Government, his CIA interrogation and trip to Cuba! Jesse is the former governor of Minnesota, an ex Navy Seal Vietnam Veteran, Demolition Expert and an avid spokesperson for 911 Truth. In this video Jesse talks about: - The CIA implanted in State Government. - His interrogation by 23 members of the intelligence agency when he was the Governor of Minnesota. - Finally, he talks comically about how he was tailed by the CIA when being escorted around Cuba by Castros security guards. This is the edited version to fit YouTube, produced by SO OUT THERE. Check For more. Check the other Jesse Ventura videos on YouTube.

Tracy and the Cochlear Implant Part 1 In 1981 the House Ear Institute became the first center in the world to implant a pre-school-aged child with a single-channel cochlear implant. This documentary followed Tracy and her family as she received a single-channel Cochlear Implant. House Ear Institute Copyright 1981. SD-5 How CI Works Cochlear implant technology generates patterns of nerve activity that imitate those of a normal ear for a broad range of sounds. During surgery, a series of electrodes are implanted into the cochlea, or inner ear. After a post-surgery period of four to six weeks during which they cannot yet hear with the device, cochlear implant patients return to their clinic for an initial stimulation and mapping session with an audiologist. Mapping refers to the process of adjusting the external speech processor for the individual. At this time, the patient is fitted with the external components of the cochlear implant. These components include a tiny microphone that picks up environmental sounds and transmits them to a speech processor, where mechanical sounds are converted into a processed electrical signal. A transmitter coil placed on the scalp behind the ear passes the signals to a receiver located under the scalp. The signal then travels along a wire to the tiny electrodes implanted within the cochlea. The electrodes send the signals from the cochlea along the auditory nerve to the brain. This entire process happens in real time.

The Antichrist's Microchip Implant Will Be The Mark Of The Beast The Antichrist (with bible verses) Matthew 24:3 As Jesus was sitting on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately. "Tell us," they said, "when will this happen, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?" Jesus answered: "Watch out that noone deceives you. For many will come in my name, claiming, 'I am the Christ,' and will deceive many. Matthew 24:23 And if anyone says to you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or, 'There he is!' do not believe it. For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and miracles to deceive even the elect-if that were possible. See, I have told you ahead of time. Luke 21:27 Then everyone will see the Son of Man arrive on the clouds with power and great glory. Matthew 24:3, Matthew 24:23, Matthew 24:26, Luke 21:7, Luke 21:24, Mark 13:21, 1 John 2:18, 1 John 2:22, 1 John 2:26, 1 John 4:1, Matthew 7:15, 2 Corinthian 11:4, 2 Corinthians 11:13, Galatians 2:4, 2 Thessalonian 2:1, Revelation 13:1. (New Living Translation) To check out the free online bible, go to NOTE: SHARE THIS VIDEO WITH YOUR FRIENDS AND FAMILY (through email) AND RECEIVE THE BLESSINGS GOD HAS FOR YOU. Read Revelation 3:1. "God blesses the one who reads the words of this prophecy to the church, and he blesses all who listen to its message and obey what it says, for the time is near."

DePuy Hip Replacement Recall Patient Suffers Blood Poisoning HEART BREAKING! DePuy ASR Implant causes toxic metal taste. What if this once active woman was your mother or grandmother? Would you be mad? So much suffering could have been prevented if DePuy, a unit of Johnson & Johnson, had told surgeons and their patients in America that the DePuy ASR hip implant had already been recalled overseas. Sixty-three year old DeeDee Hill-Morgan noticed that her scrambled eggs at breakfast tasted like metal. She had also started to experience bouts of nausea, dizziness and blurred vision. The problems started shortly after DeeDee received her second DePuy ASR hip implant. DeeDee as well as thousands of DePuy hip replacement recall patients suffer from hip implant metal poisoning. The defective DePuy ASR hip implant releases particles of the toxic heavy metals, poisonous cobalt and chromium, into the bloodstream. Studies by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) indicate these cancer-causing metals may damage the heart, brain, and kidneys. The New York Times recently reported that in the wake of DePuy's hip replacement failure, "many veloped inexplicable pain, and surgeons, when replacing the implant, discovered mysterious masses of dead tissue near the thighs of some patients." DeeDee's pain grew so severe that she began limping and could only sleep on one side. When DeeDee's surgeon heard about DePuy's hip replacement recall he ordered hip implant blood tests. The blood test discovered that her cobalt level was 21-times the norm ...

Cochlear Implant Description of how a Cochlear Implant works

Octuplets Were Implanted The mother of octuplets says she and her family are overjoyed, but one fertility expert calls the in vitro fertilization of eight embryos a "medical disaster."

BAHA bone anchored hearing aid implant surgery This is a surgery showing placement of a BAHA (Bone anchored hearing aid) implant. This device is implanted behind the ear to help people who are deaf in one ear hear the sound in the other ear. Patients who are born without an ear c*** (congenital atresia) and those with chronic ear infections who cannot use a regular hearing aid are good candidates for the BAHA implant surgery. This surgery is performed by Dr. Hamid Djalilian, the director of otology, neurotology, and skull base surgery at University of California Irvine 714-456-7017.

LayerWise builds world's first complete lower jaw implant LayerWise applied Additive Manufacturing (AM) to produce an award-winning Titanium total lower jaw implant reconstruction. To treat a senior patient's progressive osteomyelitis of almost the entire bone, surgeons opted for such a complete implant the first time ever. LayerWise specialists printed the patient-specific implant design incorporating articulated joints and dedicated features. The complex reconstruction has been implanted successfully. It restored the patient's facial esthetics and allowed her to regain her speech within hours.

Woman Has 4 Breast After Implant. I'm going to Cuba for a week so no videos till I'm back. What's the strangest deformity you have ever seen? Second Channel: follow me on twitter: Read story at:

The Implanted - Bloopers Bloopers for AP Psych memory project by Denis Blumin, Keara Martin, Joanna Abballe, Cat Dorn, and Bianca Cassar. Director of Photography and editing by Andrew Abballe.